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1995-04-27
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HISTORY
RESEARCH FINDING:
Skimpy requirements and declining enrollments in history classes
are contributing to a decline in students' knowledge of the past.
COMMENT:
Earlier generations of American students commonly learned the
history of American institutions, politics, and systems of gov-
ernment, as well as some of the history of Greece, Rome, Europe,
and the rest of the world. Today, most States require the study
of only American history and other course work in social studies.
Indications are that students now know and understand less about
history.
In most State requirements for high school graduation, a choice
is offered between history on the one hand and courses in social
science and contemporary social issues on the other. Most high
school students, even those in the academic track, take only one
history course. Students enroll in honors courses in history at
less than half the rate they enroll for honors courses in English
and science. Typically, requirements have also declined for
writing essays, producing research-based papers, and reading
original sources. Similar declines are reported in the require-
ments for such reasoning skills as evaluating sources of informa-
tion, drawing conclusions, and constructing logical arguments.
As a result, students know too little about the past. The Natio-
nal Assessment of Educational Progress has pilot-tested the know-
ledge of 17-year-olds about American history. The preliminary
results of this study, due for release in 1987, indicate that
two-thirds of the students tested could not place the Civil War
within the period 1850-1900; half could not identify Winston
Churchill or Stalin.
The decline in the study of history may hinder students from
gaining an historical perspective on contemporary life.
Fitzgerald, F. (l979). America Revised: History School Books in
the Twentieth Century. Boston: Atlantic Little-Brown.
Owings, J. A. (l985). "History Credits Earned by l980 High
School Sophomores Who Graduated in l982." High School and Beyond
Tabulation. Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education
Statistics.
Ravitch, D. (November l7, l985). "Decline and Fall of Teaching
History." New York Times Magazine, pp. 50-52; 101; 117.
Ravitch, D. (l985). "From History to Social Studies." In The
Schools We Deserve: Reflections on the Educational Crisis of Our
Times (pp. 112-132). New York: Basic Books.
Shaver, J. P., Davis, O. L., Jr., and Helburn, S. W. (February
l979). "The Status of Social Studies Education: Impressions
from Three NSF Studies." Social Education, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp.
l50-l53.
Thernstrom, S. (l985). "The Humanities and Our Cultural Chal-
lenge." In C. E. Finn, D. Ravitch, and P. Roberts (Eds.), Chal-
lenges to the Humanities. New York: Holmes and Meier.